·
Listing adverbs list a number of utterances or topics. They are
subdivided into the following categories:
1. Enumerative adverbs, as the name explains,
number the list aforementioned, e.g. next, for one thing, secondly, etc.
2. Additive adverbs add a new topic to an
ongoing list, e.g. furthermore, above all, moreover, what is more, similarly,
in addition, on top of that, etc.
v Summative adverbs introduce a summary of
ideas, for example: all in all, altogether, overall, therefore, in sum, to sum
up, etc.
v Appositive adverbs precede exemplifications
or rephrasings of ideas, e.g. namely, that is (to say), i.e., for example, in
other words, specifically, e.g., etc.
v Resultive adverbs indicate that the
following utterances offer some kind of result or consequence denied in
previous discourse, for example: therefore, so, as a result, accordingly, in
consequence, of course, etc.
v Inferential adverbs denote that previous
discourse has helped toward inferring a result shown in the utterance following
the adverb, for instance: in that case, so, then, otherwise, else, etc.
v Contrastive adverbs display contrast of ideas
and they are subclassified as follows:
1. Reformulatory and replacive
adverbs suggest that the following utterance is expressed in other words,
or information is made more concise in respect to the previous discourse. This
is the case of the following: rather, better, more accurately, in other words,
alias, worse, etc.
2. Antithetic adverbs contrast
opposed ideas, for instance: instead, on the contrary, by contrast, on the
other hand, then, etc.
3. Concessive adverbs imply
acknowledgment of previous discourse, e.g. still, however, nevertheless, yet,
all the same, of course, that said, anyhow, anyway, still and all, only,
though, etc.
v Transitional adverbs
suggest some kind of change of progression in the following terms:
1. Discoursal adverbs
indicate a transition of topics, for instance: by the way,incidentally, now,
etc.
2. Temporal adverbs indicate a
transition in terms of time, e.g. meanwhile, originally, subsequently,
eventually, etc.
v VP-Oriented Adjuncts
1. Manner adverbs are gradable
and they modify a verb phrase. Examples: carefully, hastily, badly, etc.
2. Means or Instruments are
typically prepositional phrases indicating either the means or the instrument
use to perform an action, e.g. by bus, with a spanner, etc.
3. Act-Related adverbs can be
considered manner adverbs in some occasions. The former appear preceding the
sentence, so they can be paraphrased as the act of V (V being the verb modified
by the adverb). Manner adverbs, on the other hand can be paraphrased as doing V
in a particular way. Examples of act-related adverbs are: rudely, foolishly,
etc.
4. Degree adverbs have a
central or final position in the sentence and they introduce some kind of
quantification, e.g. almost, enormously, etc.
5. Temporal Location adverbs
introduce some type of time constraint on the verb, for instance: subsequently,
earlier, etc.
6. Duration adverbs indicate
the time duration of the verb as temporarily does.
7. Aspectuality adverbs are
polarity sensitive and give information on the aspect of the verb as the
following adverbs do: already, still, etc.
8. Frequency adverbs describe
the frequency of the occurrence described by the verb, e.g. often.
9. Serial Order introduces an
order regarding events, e.g. next, last, etc.
v Clause-Oriented Adjuncts
1.
Domain adverbs restrict the domain of the clause, e.g. politically,
officially, etc
2. Modality adverbs add modal
meaning to the clause, for example: necessarily, probably, surely, etc.
3. Evaluation adverbs start
off the clause by offering a subjective evaluation of it, e.g. fortunately,
ironically, sadly, etc.
4. Speech Act-Related adverbs
always appear at the start of a sentence and make reference to the speech act
of the clause, e.g. frankly, briefly, confidentially, etc.
5. Connective adjuncts connect
utterances or chunks of discourse, for instance: moreover, alternatively, on
the other hand, etc.
Reference:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74ca/1dba4c947c9e647905e5a3f22cd0b2ed9448.pdf
Add a comment